Category Archives: History

Dr. Munz at the Hot Springs

Travertine Hot Springs

A travertine ridge at Travertine Hot Springs (Sierra Nevada in the background).

Philip A. Munz (1892–1974) is a name well known to generations of California botanists. In the 1950s he collaborated with David Keck to write A California Flora, published in 1959 by the University of California Press. A decade later Munz compiled the Supplement to A California Flora (1968), and in 1973, U.C. Press published the combined volume A California Flora and Supplement. This is the 1,900-page book I carried with me on most of my plant collecting forays in the Bodie Hills, beginning in 1978. This is the book in which I keyed most of my collections for many years.

Munz visited the Bodie Hills several times from 1928 to 1960. He seems to have found Travertine Hot Springs, a mile southeast of Bridgeport,  an especially interesting place to collect. According to my geographic search of herbarium specimens using Calflora, he collected at Travertine Hot Springs on:

  • 21 May, 1947 (18 specimens)
  • 16 June 1949 (67 specimens)
  • 28 July 1950 (20 specimens)
  • 12 September 1960 (12 specimens)

He also collected 36 specimens in the Masonic Mountain area on 20 July, 1955, plus several more along Virginia Creek near the confluence with Clearwater Creek in June 1928 and May 1947.

Travertine Hot Springs

One of the wet meadow areas at Travertine Hot Springs.

Some of the plants Munz collected at Travertine Hot Springs more than a half-century ago have not been documented by subsequent visitors to the area (including me, during my 1978-81 visits), as far as I can determine from my searches of herbarium databases. I doubt the plants have gone away—but to find them—especially the annuals—you need to be in the right place at the right time during a favorable year, and you need to be looking and paying attention. Most visitors to Travertine are focused on taking dip in the springs. Still, it would be great to confirm the continued presence of the plants Munz found here.

So here’s a challenge for interested field botanists: Before or after immersing yourself in a pool of hot water, look for the following plants at Travertine Hot Springs, note their location, and please let me know if you find them:

DICOTS
ASTERACEAE: Crepis runcinata subsp. hallii (Hall’s meadow hawksbeard), “Wet alkaline flats and meadows.”
BORAGINACEAE: Cryptantha gracilis (Slender cryptantha), “On disintegrated travertine.”
BORAGINACEAE: Cryptantha scoparia (Gray cryptantha), “Abundant in dry loose disintegrated travertine.”
PLANTAGINACEAE: Antirrhinum kingii (King’s snapdragon), “Abundant in dry loose disintegrated travertine; pinyon-juniper woodland.”
POLEMONIACEAE: Aliciella humillima (Smallest aliciella), “Abundant in dry loose disintegrated travertine; pinyon-juniper woodland.”
POLEMONIACEAE: Aliciella leptomeria (Sand aliciella), “Hot springs, in dry loose disintegrated travertine, pinyon-juniper woodland.”
POLEMONIACEAE: Gilia ophthalmoides (Eyed gilia), “loose dry disintegrated travertine.”
POLEMONIACEAE: Ipomopsis polycladon (Branching gilia), “Disintegrated travertine.”
POLYGONACEAE: Eriogonum hookeri (Hooker’s buckwheat), “Infrequent annual on sunny, dry, loose, alkaline soil.”
POLYGONACEAE: Eriogonum ovalifolium var. purpureum (Purple cushion wild buckwheat), “Crevices in travertine deposit.”

MONOCOTS
ALLIACEAE: Allium atrorubens var. cristatum (Crested onion, Inyo onion), “Dry volcanic heavy soil, wet in early season.”
LILIACEAE: Calochortus excavatus (Inyo County star tulip), “Infrequent on dry disintegrated travertine. More common in nearby volcanic soil.”
POACEAE: Elymus multisetus (Big squirreltail), “along foot of travertine ridge.”

On a recent visit to Travertine Hot Springs (early June 2016), I did run into a population of  Symphoricarpos longiflorus (Desert snowberry), collected here by Munz in 1949. Here it is, along with some of the other cool plants I saw during the same visit:

Symphoricarpos longiflorus

Symphoricarpos longiflorus (Desert snowberry)

Symphoricarpos longiflorus

Another Symphoricarpos longiflorus with paler corollas

Penstemon speciosus

Penstemon speciosus (Showy penstemon)

Packera multilobata

Packera multilobata (Lobeleaf groundsel)

Cleomella parviflora

Cleomella parviflora (Slender cleomella)

Minuartia nuttallii

Minuartia nuttallii var. gracilis (Nuttall’s sandwort)

Triglochin maritima

Triglochin maritima (Common arrow-grass)

 


Copyright © Tim Messick 2016. All rights reserved.
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Hops in the Bodie Hills

Bodie’s miners relaxed with a variety of beverages and there were (according to several sources) as many as 65 saloons in the business of satisfying their needs. Among the choices available to them were beers produced locally at several different breweries. In the 1880s there were (according to OldBreweries.com) at least 6 breweries operating in Bodie. Hops (Humulus lupulus) can be found growing today in sheltered locations outside several old houses in Bodie. Were these merely ornamental, or were some locally grown hops used to flavor locally produced beers? I’ve yet to find documentation that any locally grown hops were actually used by the breweries here, but the question is intriguing. It’s likely that hops for the breweries were of necessity imported from Carson Valley, Owens Valley, or even the Central Valley west of Sonora.

Humulus

Humulus lupulus growing in downtown Bodie

Hops are not native to the Bodie Hills, but there are varieties of hop that are apparently native to the American midwest and southwest. The kind cultivated here at Bodie and throughout much of the world for beer-making is the European or common hop, Humulus lupulus var. lupulus. Its relation to certain other intoxicating plants is indicated by its inclusion in the family Cannabaceae.

Bodie Club: Cold Beer

In the IOOF building

Licensed to sell Beer

A license to sell “legalized beverages”

Humulus

Another hops plant in Bodie (circa 1980)


Copyright © Tim Messick 2016. All rights reserved.
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Where are the Cottonwoods of Cottonwood Canyon?

Cottonwood Canyon
Mono Lake from the mouth of Cottonwood Canyon

According to GeoNames, there are at least 19 places in California named “Cottonwood Canyon”, at least 18 more in Nevada, and perhaps 280 in all, nation-wide. This does not include all the places named “Cottonwood Creek,” “Cottonwood Wash,” “Cottonwood Spring,” etc. One of these Cottonwood Canyons is in the Bodie Hills, just south of Bodie. Many visitors to Bodie come or go via the Cottonwood Canyon Road, which meets State Route 167 just north of Mono Lake. This is one of the oldest and historically most used routes into Bodie.

Presumably all places named Cottonwood Canyon have now, or had at some time in the past, a species of cottonwood (Populus) growing in or near them.  But where, now, are the cottonwoods of this Cottonwood Canyon, here in the Bodie Hills? On a casual drive through, you will see pinyon pines and Utah junipers on the hillsides and occasional willow thickets along the creek. There appear to be 3 different cottonwoods (white, Lombardy, and Fremont) growing at Flying M Ranch, where the creek from Cottonwood Canyon crosses Dobie Meadows Road, but these are probably all planted, and these are below the mouth of Cottonwood Canyon.

Flying M Ranch
Cottonwoods at the Flying M Ranch site on Dobie Meadows Road

There are no cottonwoods in Cottonwood Canyon, that I can find. If they’re all gone, what happened to them? My guess is they succumbed to the axe and saw even before 1890, because wood of any kind was scarce near Bodie and in high demand for building, heating, and shoring up the mines. And again, this was right along a main road into Bodie. Perhaps, also, the water in this canyon wasn’t enough in historic times to support very many cottonwoods.

Cottonwood Canyon
Cottonwood Canyon . . . with no cottonwoods

Which cottonwood might have been here? Maybe black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)? It’s common in canyons along the eastern Sierra Nevada, including the Sierran streams that enter Mono Lake. It’s on lower Bodie Creek and at Fletcher on the east side of the Bodie Hills. It was  collected on September 7, 1932 by L. E. Hoffman, at “Mono Lake Region – road to Bodie” (see the specimen record). This was more recently mapped at a location along Coyote Springs Road (in Bridgeport Canyon), but I think “road to Bodie” in 1932 could more likely refer to the road in Cottonwood Canyon.

Black Cottonwood
Black cottonwoods (in October) on Lee Vining Creek

Or maybe Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii)? This tree is scarce in the Mono Basin, but it’s found in some east-side valleys watered by rivers north and south of here. There are some along the East Walker River north of Bridgeport.

Fremont Cottonwood
Fremont Cottonwood near the East Walker River

The trees in Cottonwood Canyon would not have been aspens (Populus tremuloides), because aspens are never called “cottonwoods” and aspens in the southern Bodie Hills grow at higher elevations. It’s unlikely they would have been the European cottonwoods that were planted by early settlers at settlements in the Mono Basin and Bridgeport Valley—white cottonwood (Populus alba) and Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra ‘Italica’). There are no settlements or ranches in Cottonwood Canyon, other than Flying M Ranch, which is along this drainage but well south of the canyon itself.

I’ll cast my vote for black cottonwood. The elevation and habitat in Cottonwood Canyon are similar to where black cottonwoods grow today elsewhere in the Mono Basin and on lower Bodie Creek. During times when the climate averaged just a little cooler and wetter than now, black cottonwoods may well have grown here. Closer examination in the field might offer a bit of old wood as evidence.


Part of the 1909 USGS Bridgeport, CA-NV 1:125,000 quadrangle


Copyright © Tim Messick 2015. All rights reserved.