Hops in the Bodie Hills

Bodie’s miners relaxed with a variety of beverages and there were (according to several sources) as many as 65 saloons in the business of satisfying their needs. Among the choices available to them were beers produced locally at several different breweries. In the 1880s there were (according to OldBreweries.com) at least 6 breweries operating in Bodie. Hops (Humulus lupulus) can be found growing today in sheltered locations outside several old houses in Bodie. Were these merely ornamental, or were some locally grown hops used to flavor locally produced beers? I’ve yet to find documentation that any locally grown hops were actually used by the breweries here, but the question is intriguing. It’s likely that hops for the breweries were of necessity imported from Carson Valley, Owens Valley, or even the Central Valley west of Sonora.

Humulus

Humulus lupulus growing in downtown Bodie

Hops are not native to the Bodie Hills, but there are varieties of hop that are apparently native to the American midwest and southwest. The kind cultivated here at Bodie and throughout much of the world for beer-making is the European or common hop, Humulus lupulus var. lupulus. Its relation to certain other intoxicating plants is indicated by its inclusion in the family Cannabaceae.

Bodie Club: Cold Beer

In the IOOF building

Licensed to sell Beer

A license to sell “legalized beverages”

Humulus

Another hops plant in Bodie (circa 1980)


Copyright © Tim Messick 2016. All rights reserved.
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How Big are the Bodie Hills?

How big are the Bodie Hills? How many square miles? That depends, but first, here are the numbers I’ve come up with:

  • in Mono, CA . . . . . . . . . . . .259 square miles (62%)
  • in Mineral, NV . . . . . . . . . .146 square miles (35%)
  • in Lyon, NV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 square miles (3%)
  • Total area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 square miles

Overview of the Bodie Hills

Overview of the Bodie Hills from the southeast

It depends, of course, on where you draw the boundaries. There are relatively sharp natural boundaries in some areas — Virginia Creek along the southwest edge, the East Walker River in the canyon that separates the Bodie Hills from the Sweetwater Mountains, and the edge of Big Meadows south of Bridgeport.

In other areas the natural or physical boundary is less obvious. Along the east side of the range, the channels of Rough Creek and Mud Spring Wash are potential boundaries, but that would include a good bit of Fletcher Valley, with lower elevations and different vegetation than in the Bodie Hills proper. Along the south edge of the range, there is a relatively narrow transition in some areas from the rocky and wooded Bodie Hills to the sandy, mostly shrubby Mono Basin. But there’s no single elevation contour that consistently follows this transition, and the boundary becomes more vague east of Trench Canyon.

Should Cedar Hill (about 12 square miles) be included? I’ve left it outside the Bodie Hills, running the boundary instead through Trench Canyon, but that choice is fairly arbitrary.

Should the very young (<100,000 year-old) late Pleistocene trachyandesite of Mud Spring—the lava dome that fills the narrow far-southeast end of Fletcher Valley—be included? I’ve left it out, following instead the approximate route of the paleodrainage channel of Lake Russell (Pleistocene Mono Lake), along the southern edge of that formation.

Bodie Hills from the east

Bodie Hills from the east

Should boundary follow the East Walker River through the irrigated valley bottom just east of the state line? I’ve drawn it closer to the base of the hill slopes to the south, mostly excluding that valley bottom.

Bodie Hills from the north

Bodie Hills from the north

In some areas lacking a hard “edge” to the Bodie Hills, roads provide a convenient, if somewhat arbitrary boundary. My southern boundary follows roads from US 395 to Cottonwood Canyon. My eastern boundary follows roads in the vicinity of Alkali Lake and in Fletcher Valley from about Mud Spring to the Miocene trachyandesites incised by lower Rough Creek. For convenience, my western boundary follows US 395 south of Bridgeport and State Route 182 north of Bridgeport.

Bodie Hills from the southwest

Bodie Hills from the southwest

One could quibble and fuss over the boundary in a number of places, but further refinement would change the total area (and the number of plants included in the checklist) very little.

Methods: I imported 13 US Topo quadrangles (1:24,000 scale) covering the Bodie Hills into Adobe Illustrator, using Avenza’s MAPublisher plug-in to maintain the georeferencing from the GeoPDFs made by USGS. I drew and adjusted the boundaries described above for the entire range on a new georeferenced layer, copying and joining road and river line segments from other layers where available. I then divided that area using the county boundary lines. I exported the three resulting shapes to a KMZ file, opened that in Google Earth Pro, and looked at the their “measurements” info for the square miles in each county.


Copyright © Tim Messick 2016. All rights reserved.
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Floral Mimicry in the Bodie Hills

Soon it will be early spring in sagebrush country, and insects will be eager to find plants that provide nectar, pollen, or other yummy flower parts for food. Many early-spring flowers are in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) and buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). Many mustards and buttercups have bright yellow flowers. Bright yellow is a good color for attracting insects, because this color is also bright in ultraviolet, which many insects see well.

Puccinia monoica

But not all bright yellow plants are flowers. The yellow stuff above and below is a parasitic fungus—a type of rust (order Pucciniales)—growing on the leaves of a rock cress (Boechera sp.). The rock cress hasn’t flowered yet, and because of the fungal infection, this plant won’t produce real flowers at all this year. It will attract insects, though, because the fungus has produced zillions of little bright yellow spermatogonia on the leaves that cause the leaves to look superficially like flower petals. These spermatogonia exude spores (spermatia) that are carried by the visiting, feeding insects to other rock cress plants, just as they would normally carry pollen from flower to flower.

This particular rust is Puccinia monoica (no relation to Mono County, as far as I can determine, though I’m not sure what the name refers to). Puccinia was named after Tommaso Puccini (1749-1811), a professor of anatomy in Florence, Italy.

Floral mimicry is a deceitful, counterfeit way to make a living, but the rusts are obligate parasites and they have few options. Not all rusts are floral mimics, but those practicing this ruse are experts in their trade and are highly successful because if it. The rusts, like many parasites, have beautifully complex life cycles. Puccinia monoica infects additional hosts (the grasses, Koeleria, Trisetum, and Stipa, all of which live in this area), for another stage in its reproductive cycle. While on the grasses it does not engage in floral mimicry — that would be wasted effort indeed.

Puccinia monoica
Puccinia should not, however,  be confused with Puccinellia, which is not a fungus, but a grass, Alkali grass. Three species (P. distans, P. lemmonii, and P. nuttalliana) occur in the Bodie Hills — at Travertine Hot Springs and other moist alkaline places in the region and across much of western North America. Puccinellia was named after another Italian, botanist Benedetto Luigi Puccinelli (1808- 1850).

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Phragmidium is another genus of rusts that infects leaves, stems, fruits, and flowers of roses, blackberries, and other members of the rose family (Rosaceae). Here’s one on Woods rose (Rosa woodsii) near the stream in the aspen grove in Masonic Gulch, near Lower Town Masonic.

Phragmidium

Phragmidium rusts are not floral mimics, and their spores may be largely wind-dispersed, but the bright orange of their spore-filled uredinia may attract some insect attention.

Phragmidium

 

 


Copyright © Tim Messick 2016. All rights reserved.
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